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External territory of Australia

Place in Commonwealth of australia

Christmas Isle

Australian Indian Ocean Territory
External territory of Commonwealth of australia
Territory of Christmas Island
圣诞岛领地 / 聖誕島領地 (Chinese)
Wilayah Pulau Krismas (Malay)
Flying Fish Cove, the territory's capital

Flying Fish Cove, the territory's capital

Flag of Christmas Island
Flag
Location of Christmas Island (red circle) and the location of Australia mainland (continent in red)

Location of Christmas Island (red circumvolve) and the location of Commonwealth of australia mainland (continent in red)
Sovereign state Australia
Proclamation of British sovereignty
(annexation)		 6 June 1888
Transferred from Singapore
to Australia		 1 October 1958
Capital

and largest city

 Flying Fish Cove
("The Settlement")
10°25′18″S 105°40′41″E  /  x.42167°S 105.67806°E  / -x.42167; 105.67806
Official languages None[a]
Spoken languages
  • English
  • Malay
  • Mandarin
  • Cantonese
  • Hokkien
Ethnic groups
  • 21.2% Chinese
  • 18% Malay
  • 12.7% Australian
  • 8% English
  • 2.5% Irish
  • xl.8% other (including Straits Indians and Eurasians)
Demonym(due south) Christmas Islander
Government Directly administered dependency

• Monarch

Elizabeth II

• Governor-General

David Hurley

• Administrator

Natasha Griggs

• Shire President

Gordon Thompson
Area

• Total

 135 km2 (52 sq mi)

• H2o (%)

 0
Highest elevation 361 one thousand (i,184 ft)
Population

• 2016 census

 ane,843 (2016)[1] (not ranked)

• Density

 x.39/km2 (26.ix/sq mi) (not ranked)
GDP(nominal) 2010 gauge

• Total

 Us$52,177,900[2]
Currency Australian dollar (AUD)
Time zone UTC+07:00 (CXT)
Driving side left
Calling lawmaking +61 891
Postcode

WA 6798
ISO 3166 code CX
Internet TLD .cx[3]
Christmas Island
Simplified Chinese 圣诞岛
Traditional Chinese 聖誕島
Territory of Christmas Island
Simplified Chinese 圣诞岛领地
Traditional Chinese 聖誕島領地
Malay name
Malay Wilayah Pulau Krismas

Christmas Isle, officially known as the Territory of Christmas Island, is an Australian external territory comprising the island of the same name. It is located in the Indian Ocean, around 350 kilometres (220 mi) south of Java and Sumatra and around 1,550 km (960 mi) north-westward of the closest betoken on the Australian mainland. It lies 2,600 km (ane,600 mi) northwest of Perth and ane,327 km (825 mi) south of Singapore. It has an area of 135 foursquare kilometres (52 sq mi).

Christmas Island had a population of 1,843 residents as of 2016[update],[i] the bulk living in settlements on the northern tip of the island. The main settlement is Flying Fish Cove. Historically, Asian Australians of Chinese, Malay, and Indian descent formed the majority of the population.[iv] [5] Today, effectually ii-thirds of the isle's population is estimated to have Straits Chinese origin (though just 21.2% of the population declared a Chinese ancestry in 2016),[1] with significant numbers of Malays and European Australians and smaller numbers of Straits Indians and Eurasians. Several languages are in utilise, including English language, Malay, and diverse Chinese dialects. Islam and Buddhism are major religions on the isle. The religion question in the Australian census is optional and 28% of the population exercise not declare their religious belief, if any.[6]

The kickoff European to sight Christmas Island was Richard Rowe of the Thomas in 1615. Captain William Mynors named it on Christmas Day (25 December) 1643. It was first settled in the late 19th century.[7] Christmas Island's geographic isolation and history of minimal human disturbance has led to a high level of endemism among its flora and fauna, which is of involvement to scientists and naturalists.[viii] The majority (63 percent) of the island is included in the Christmas Isle National Park, which features several areas of primary monsoonal forest. Phosphate, deposited originally as guano, has been mined on the island since 1899.

History [edit]

Geological history [edit]

Christmas Isle is situated at the top of a basalt volcanic seamount which arose from the ocean flooring in the Eocene era about 60 million years ago, when the body of water eroded cliffs from uplifts, forming steep terraces and cliffs at the central plateau.

First visits by Europeans, 1643 [edit]

The first European to sight the island was Richard Rowe of the Thomas in 1615.[9] Captain William Mynors of the Regal Mary, an English East India Company vessel, named the isle when he sailed past information technology on Christmas Solar day, in 1643.[ten] The island was included on English language and Dutch navigation charts as early as the beginning of the 17th century, simply it was not until 1666 that a map published by Dutch cartographer Pieter Goos included the island. Goos labelled the island "Mony" or "Moni",[eleven] the meaning of which is unclear.[12]

English navigator William Dampier, aboard the privateer Charles Swan's send, Cygnet, made the earliest recorded visit to the bounding main around the island in March 1688.[11] He constitute information technology uninhabited.[11] [thirteen] Dampier wrote an account of the visit.[14] Dampier was trying to reach Cocos from New The netherlands. His send was blown off course in an easterly direction, arriving at Christmas Island 28 days later. Dampier landed on the w declension, at "the Dales". Ii of his crewmen became the showtime Europeans to set foot on Christmas Isle.[15]

Captain Daniel Beeckman of the Eagle passed the island on 5 April 1714, chronicled in his 1718 book, A Voyage to and from the Isle of Borneo, in the Eastward-Indies.[16]

Exploration and looting [edit]

The offset effort at exploring the island was in 1857 by the crew of the Amethyst. They tried to attain the pinnacle of the island simply plant the cliffs impassable.

During the 1872–1876 Challenger trek to Indonesia, naturalist John Murray carried out extensive surveys.[17]

In 1886, Captain John Maclear of HMSFlight Fish, having discovered an anchorage in a bay that he named "Flying Fish Cove", landed a party and made a pocket-sized collection of the flora and brute.[eleven] In the side by side year, Pelham Aldrich, on lath HMS Egeria, visited the island for ten days, accompanied by J. J. Lister, who gathered a larger biological and mineralogical collection.[11]

Among the rocks then obtained and submitted to Murray for examination were many of nearly pure phosphate of lime. This discovery led to annexation of the isle by the British Crown on half dozen June 1888.[17]

Settlement and exploitation [edit]

Shortly later on, a small settlement was established in Flying Fish Cove by G. Clunies Ross, the possessor of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands some 900 kilometres (560 mi) to the southwest, to collect timber and supplies for the growing manufacture on Cocos.

In 1897 the island was visited past Charles W. Andrews, who did all-encompassing research on the natural history of the isle, on behalf of the British Museum.[18]

Phosphate mining began in 1899 using indentured workers from Singapore, British Malaya, and China. John Davis Murray, a mechanical engineer and recent graduate of Purdue Academy, was sent to supervise the functioning on behalf of the Phosphate Mining and Shipping Company. Murray was known as the "King of Christmas Isle" until 1910, when he married and settled in London.[nineteen] [20]

The island was administered jointly past the British Phosphate commissioners and district officers from the U.k. Colonial Office through the Straits Settlements, and afterward the Crown Colony of Singapore. Hunt (2011) provides a detailed history of Chinese indentured labour on the island during those years. In 1922, scientists unsuccessfully attempted to view a solar eclipse in late September from the island to test Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity.[21]

Japanese invasion [edit]

From the outbreak of the Southward-Due east Asian theatre of World War 2 in December 1941, Christmas Island was a target for Japanese occupation because of its rich phosphate deposits.[22] A naval gun was installed under a British officer and four NCOs and 27 Indian soldiers.[22] The kickoff assail was carried out on 20 January 1942, past Japanese submarineI-59, which torpedoed a Norwegian freighter, the Eidsvold.[23] The vessel drifted and eventually sank off West White Beach. Most of the European and Asian staff and their families were evacuated to Perth.

In belatedly February and early on March 1942, in that location were 2 aerial bombing raids. Shelling from a Japanese naval group on 7 March led the District Officer to hoist the white flag.[22] But later on the Japanese naval group sailed abroad, the British officer raised the Union Flag over again.[22] During the night of ten–xi March, mutinous Indian troops, abetted by Sikh policemen, killed Helm Leonard Williams and the four British NCOs in their quarters as they were sleeping. "Afterwards all Europeans on the island, including the commune officer, who governed it, were lined up past the Indians and told they were going to be shot. Merely after a long discussion between the commune officer and the leaders of the mutineers the executions were postponed and the Europeans were confined under armed guard in the district officer'southward firm".[22]

At dawn on 31 March 1942, a dozen Japanese bombers launched the attack, destroying the radio station. The same day, a Japanese fleet of nine vessels arrived, and the isle was surrounded. About 850 men of the Japanese 21st and 24th Special Base Forces and 102nd Structure Unit came ashore at Flying Fish Cove and occupied the island.[22] They rounded up the workforce, most of whom had fled to the jungle. Sabotaged equipment was repaired and preparations were made to resume the mining and export of phosphate. Only 20 men from the 21st Special Base Force were left as a garrison.[22]

Isolated acts of demolition and the torpedoing of the Nissei Maru at the wharf on 17 Nov 1942[24] meant that only pocket-sized amounts of phosphate were exported to Japan during the occupation. In November 1943, over threescore% of the isle'south population was evacuated to Surabaya prison camps, leaving a total population of only nether 500 Chinese and Malays and fifteen Japanese to survive as best they could. In Oct 1945, HMSRother re-occupied Christmas Island.[25] [26] [27] [28]

After the state of war, vii mutineers were traced and prosecuted by the Military Court in Singapore. In 1947, v of them were sentenced to death. However, following representations made past the newly contained authorities of Republic of india, their sentences were reduced to penal servitude for life.[22]

Transfer to Commonwealth of australia [edit]

At Australia's asking, the United Kingdom transferred sovereignty to Commonwealth of australia, with a $xx million payment from the Australian authorities to Singapore as compensation for the loss of earnings from the phosphate revenue.[29] The United kingdom's Christmas Isle Human activity was given royal assent on fourteen May 1958, enabling Britain to transfer authorisation over Christmas Island from Singapore to Commonwealth of australia by an order-in-council.[xxx] Australia's Christmas Island Act was passed in September 1958 and the island was officially placed under the authority of the Australia on 1 October 1958.[31]

Under Commonwealth Cabinet Conclusion 1573 of 9 September 1958, D. E. Nickels was appointed the first official representative of the new territory.[32] In a media argument on v Baronial 1960, the minister for territories, Paul Hasluck, said, among other things, that, "His extensive knowledge of the Malay language and the customs of the Asian people ... has proved invaluable in the inauguration of Australian administration ... During his two years on the island he had faced unavoidable difficulties ... and constantly sought to advance the isle'due south interests."

John William Stokes succeeded him and served from 1 Oct 1960, to 12 June 1966. On his departure, he was lauded past all sectors of the island community. In 1968, the official secretarial assistant was retitled an administrator and, since 1997, Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands together are called the Australian Indian Ocean Territories and share a unmarried administrator resident on Christmas Island. Recollections of the island's history and lifestyle, and lists and timetables of the island's leaders and events since its settlement are at the World Statesmen site[ citation needed ] and in Neale (1988), Bosman (1993), Chase (2011), and Stokes (2012).

The settlement of Silver City was congenital in the 1970s, with aluminium-clad houses that were supposed to be cyclone-proof.[33] The 2004 Indian Ocean convulsion and tsunami centred off the western shore of Sumatra in Indonesia, resulted in no reported casualties, but some swimmers were swept some 150 metres (490 ft) out to sea for a time before being swept back in.[34]

Refugee and immigration detention [edit]

Immigration Detention Centre

From the late 1980s and early 1990s, boats conveying asylum seekers, mainly departing from Indonesia, began landing on the island. In 2001, Christmas Island was the site of the Tampa controversy, in which the Australian regime stopped a Norwegian transport, MV Tampa, from disembarking 438 rescued asylum-seekers. The ensuing standoff and the associated political reactions in Australia were a major issue in the 2001 Australian federal election.[35]

The Howard government operated the "Pacific Solution" from 2001 to 2007, excising Christmas Isle from Australia'south migration zone and then that asylum seekers on the island could not utilize for refugee status. Asylum seekers were relocated from Christmas Island to Mitt Island and Nauru. In 2006, an immigration detention centre, containing approximately 800 beds, was synthetic on the island for the Section of Clearing and Multicultural Affairs. Originally estimated to price A$276 million,[36] the last cost was over $400 meg.[37]

In 2007, the Rudd government decommissioned Manus Regional Processing Centre and Republic of nauru detention centre; processing would so occur on Christmas Isle itself.[38] [39]

In Dec 2010, 48 asylum-seekers died merely off the declension of the island in what became known every bit the Christmas Island gunkhole disaster when their boat hit the rocks about Flying Fish Cove, and and then smashed against nearby cliffs.[twoscore] [41]

In the case Plaintiff M61/2010E 5 Commonwealth of Commonwealth of australia, the High Court of Australia ruled, in a seven–0 joint judgment, that aviary seekers detained on Christmas Isle were entitled to the protections of the Migration Human activity. Accordingly, the Democracy was obliged to beget asylum seekers a minimum of procedural fairness when assessing their claims.[42]

As of xx June 2013[update], after the interception of four boats in half-dozen days, carrying 350 people, the Immigration Department stated that there were ii,960 "irregular maritime arrivals" being held in the isle's v detention facilities, which exceeded not only the "regular operating capacity" of 1,094 people, but too the "contingency capacity" of 2,724.[43]

The Christmas Island Immigration Reception and Processing Centre airtight on 30 September 2018.[44]

On 13 February 2019, the Morrison government announced information technology would re-open up the centre, after Commonwealth of australia's parliament passed legislation giving ill aviary seekers easier access to mainland hospitals.[45]

Quarantine centre [edit]

In the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, the regime opened parts of the Immigration Reception and Processing Centre to be used every bit a quarantine facility to arrange Australian citizens who had been in Wuhan, the betoken of origin of the pandemic.[46] The evacuees arrived on 3 February.[47] They left 14 days afterward to their homes on the mainland.[48]

Geography [edit]

Christmas Island Map (1976)

The island is about 19 kilometres (12 mi) in greatest length and 14.5 km (ix.0 mi) in breadth. The total state surface area is 135 foursquare kilometres (52 sq mi), with 138.9 km (86.3 mi) of coastline. The isle is the flat peak of an underwater mountain more than than 4,500 metres (fourteen,800 ft) high,[49] which rises from about 4,200 thousand (13,780 ft) beneath the sea and merely about 300 m (984 ft) above it.[50]

The mountain was originally a volcano, and some basalt is exposed in places such equally The Dales and Dolly Beach, but most of the surface rock is limestone accumulated from coral growth. The karst terrain supports numerous anchialine caves.[51] The summit of this mount top is formed by a succession of Tertiary limestones ranging in age from the Eocene or Oligocene up to recent reef deposits, with intercalations of volcanic stone in the older beds.[xviii]

Steep cliffs along much of the coast ascension abruptly to a fundamental plateau. Meridian ranges from sea level to 361 thou (ane,184 ft) at Murray Colina. The island is mainly tropical rainforest, 63% of which is national parkland. The narrow fringing reef surrounding the island poses a maritime hazard.

Christmas Island lies 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) northwest of Perth, Western Australia, 350 km (220 mi) south of Indonesia, 975 km (606 mi) ENE of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and ii,748 km (one,708 mi) w of Darwin, Northern Territory. Its closest point to the Australian mainland is ane,550 km (960 mi) from the boondocks of Exmouth, Western Australia.[52]

Beaches [edit]

Christmas Island has 80 kilometres (50 mi) of shoreline but merely minor parts of the shoreline are easily accessible. The island's perimeter is dominated by precipitous cliff faces, making many of the island's beaches difficult to get to. Some of the easily accessible beaches include Flying Fish Cove (principal embankment), Lily Beach, Ethel Beach, and Isabel Beach, while the more than hard beaches to access include Greta Beach, Dolly Beach, Winifred Beach, Merrial Beach, and West White Embankment, which all require a vehicle with four cycle bulldoze and a difficult walk through dense rainforest.[53]

Climate [edit]

Christmas Island lies near the southern edge of the equatorial region. It has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am) and temperatures vary piffling throughout the year. The highest temperature is usually effectually 29 °C (84 °F) in March and Apr, while the everyman temperature is 23 °C (73 °F) and occurs in August. At that place is a dry season from July to October with only occasional showers. The moisture flavor is between November and June and includes monsoons, with downpours of pelting at random times of the day. Tropical cyclones too occur in the wet flavor, bringing very potent winds, heavy rain, wave activeness, and storm surge.

Climate information for Christmas Island Drome
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep October November Dec Year
Tape high °C (°F) 30.7
(87.three) 		31.5
(88.seven) 		31.five
(88.7) 		31.4
(88.5) 		30.5
(86.9) 		29.eight
(85.6) 		29.iii
(84.7) 		29.5
(85.1) 		xxx.9
(87.6) 		31.4
(88.5) 		31.8
(89.2) 		31.2
(88.two) 		31.8
(89.2)
Average high °C (°F) 28.0
(82.4) 		28.0
(82.4) 		28.3
(82.ix) 		28.three
(82.ix) 		27.viii
(82.0) 		27.i
(80.viii) 		26.three
(79.3) 		26.i
(79.0) 		26.3
(79.three) 		26.ix
(80.4) 		27.3
(81.one) 		27.eight
(82.0) 		27.4
(81.3)
Average low °C (°F) 22.7
(72.9) 		22.7
(72.9) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.3
(73.9) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.2
(72.0) 		22.3
(72.ane) 		22.7
(72.nine) 		22.9
(73.2) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.nine
(73.2)
Tape low °C (°F) 18.8
(65.8) 		xviii.4
(65.i) 		18.six
(65.5) 		18.3
(64.nine) 		19.iii
(66.7) 		14.1
(57.4) 		xvi.2
(61.two) 		17.seven
(63.9) 		16.7
(62.i) 		18.two
(64.8) 		eighteen.0
(64.4) 		18.0
(64.4) 		14.1
(57.four)
Boilerplate rainfall mm (inches) 297.2
(eleven.70) 		344.5
(thirteen.56) 		302.7
(11.92) 		227.5
(8.96) 		186.vii
(7.35) 		172.iii
(6.78) 		99.seven
(iii.93) 		42.iii
(1.67) 		57.four
(ii.26) 		78.five
(three.09) 		156.viii
(six.17) 		222.1
(8.74) 		two,187.7
(86.thirteen)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 18.7 19.7 21.4 18.1 16.3 fourteen.0 12.iii 10.0 8.7 8.6 12.1 14.7 174.6
Average afternoon relative humidity (%) 81 82 83 83 83 82 81 80 81 lxxx 80 79 81
Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology[54]

Demographics [edit]

Christmas Island'southward population pyramid, from a census in 2011, showing a large proportion of males over females.

Equally of the 2016 Australian census, the population of Christmas Island is 1,843.[one] 21.ii% of the population had Chinese ancestry (up from xviii.3% in 2001), 12.seven% had generic Australian ancestry (eleven.7% in 2001), 12% had Malay ancestry (9.iii% in 2001), 10% had English language ancestry (eight.9% in 2001), and ii.3% of the population was of Irish gaelic origin (the same share as in 2001). 48.1% of the population has undetermined ancestry. Every bit of 2016, most are people born in Christmas Island and many are of Chinese and Malay origin.[ane] 38.5% of people were born in Australia. The side by side most common country of birth was Malaysia at 20.1%. 27.8% of the population spoke English every bit their family linguistic communication, while 17.2% spoke Mandarin Chinese, 17.2% spoke Malay, 3.7% Cantonese and one.5% Southern Min (Minnan).[1] Additionally, there are modest local populations of Malaysian Indians and Eurasians.[55] [56]

The 2016 Australian census recorded that the population of Christmas Island was 38.7% female person and 61.three% male, while in 2011 the figures had been 29.3% female and seventy.seven% male.[1] In dissimilarity, the 2016 figures for the whole of Australia were l.seven% female person, 49.3% male person.[57] Since 1998 there has been no provision for childbirth on the island; expectant mothers travel to mainland Commonwealth of australia approximately one month earlier their expected appointment to give nativity.[58]

Government [edit]

Christmas Island is a not-self-governing external territory of Australia, as of February 2020[update], administered past the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Evolution and Communications[59] (from 29 November 2007 until xiv September 2010, administration was carried out by the Attorney-General's Department,[60] [61] and prior to this by the Department of Ship and Regional Services).[62]

The legal arrangement is under the authority of the Governor-General of Australia and Australian police force. An administrator appointed by the Governor-Full general represents the monarch and Australia and lives on the island. The territory falls nether no formal country jurisdiction, but the Western Australian Government provides many services as established past the Christmas Isle Deed.[63]

The Australian government provides services through the Christmas Island Assistants and the Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development. Under the federal government'due south Christmas Island Act 1958, Western Australian laws are applied to Christmas Island; non-application or partial application of such laws is at the discretion of the federal government.[64] The act also gives Western Australian courts judicial power over Christmas Island. Christmas Island remains constitutionally distinct from Western Australia, however; the power of the state to legislate for the territory is delegated past the federal government. The kind of services typically provided past a state regime elsewhere in Australia are provided by departments of the Western Australian government, and by contractors, with the costs met by the federal government. A unicameral Shire of Christmas Island with ix seats provides local government services and is elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. Elections are held every 2 years, with four or v of the members standing for election.[65]

Federal politics [edit]

Christmas Island residents who are Australian citizens vote in Australian federal elections. Christmas Isle residents are represented in the Business firm of Representatives by the Division of Lingiari in the Northern Territory and in the Senate by Northern Territory senators.[66] At the 2019 federal ballot, the Labor Party received majorities from Christmas Isle electors in both the House of Representatives and the Senate.[67] [68]

As of 2020[update] women held two of the nine seats in the Christmas Isle Shire Quango.[69] Its 2nd President was Lillian Oh, from 1993 to 1995.[seventy]

Residents' views [edit]

Residents detect the system of administration frustrating, with the island run by bureaucrats in the federal government, but subject to the laws of Western Australia and enforced by federal police. At that place is a feeling of resignation that whatever progress on local problems is hampered by the confusing governance system. A number of islanders support cocky-governance, including shire president Gordon Thompson, who also believes that a lack of news media to cover local affairs had contributed to political aloofness amid residents.[71]

Flag [edit]

In early 1986, the Christmas Island Assembly held a pattern contest for an island flag; the winning design was adopted equally the breezy flag of the territory for over a decade, and in 2002 information technology was made the official flag of Christmas Island.

Economic system [edit]

A proportional representation of Christmas Island exports, 2019

Phosphate mining had been the only significant economic action, merely in December 1987 the Australian authorities closed the mine. In 1991, the mine was reopened by Phosphate Resources Limited, a consortium that included many of the former mine workers as shareholders and is the largest contributor to the Christmas Isle economy.[72]

With the back up of the authorities, the $34 meg Christmas Island Casino and Resort opened in 1993 but was closed in 1998. Every bit of 2011[update], the resort has re-opened without the casino.[73]

The Australian government in 2001 agreed to support the creation of a commercial spaceport on the isle; however, this has not nevertheless been constructed and appears that it volition non continue. The Howard regime built a temporary immigration detention center on the island in 2001 and planned to replace information technology with a larger, modernistic facility at North West Point until Howard's defeat in the 2007 elections.

Culture [edit]

Ethnicity [edit]

Historically, the bulk of Christmas Islanders were those of Chinese, Malay and Indian origins, the initial permanent settlers.[four] Today, the majority of residents are Chinese, with significant numbers of European Australians and Malays as well as smaller Indian and Eurasian communities too. Since the plow of the 21st century and right up to the present, Europeans have mainly confined themselves to the Settlement, where there is a modest supermarket and several restaurants; the Malays alive in the Flying Fish Cove, too known as Kampong; and the Chinese reside in Poon San (Cantonese for "in the centre of the loma").[74]

Language [edit]

The main languages spoken at home on Christmas Island, according to respondents, are English (28%), Mandarin (17%), Malay (17%), with smaller numbers of speakers of Cantonese (4%) and Hokkien (two%). 27% did not specify a language. If the survey results are representative, so approximately 38% speak English, 24% Mandarin, 23% Malay, and 5% Cantonese.[75]

Religion in Christmas Island[1]
Religion 2011 2016
Non stated 48.iv% 38.four%
Islam fourteen.8% nineteen.4%
No organized religion 9.2% 15.2%
Buddhism 16.8% xviii.i%
Cosmic x.8% 8.9%

Religion [edit]

Religion in Christmas Island (est.2016)[76]

 Unspecified and none (43%)

 Christianity (18.6%)

 Other (0.six%)

In 2016, the population was estimated to exist Unspecified 27.7%, Muslim 19.4%, Buddhism 18.three%, None xv.three%, Roman Catholic 8.eight%, Anglican 3.6%, Uniting Church ane.two%, Other Protestant 1.7%, Other Christian 3.3% and other religions 0.half dozen%

Religious beliefs are various and include Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, Islam and Confucianism. There is a mosque, a Christian church, a Baháʼí centre and around twenty Chinese temples and shrines, which include seven Buddhist temples (like Guan Yin Monastery (观音寺) at Gaze Road), ten Taoist temples (like Shortly Tian Kong (顺天宫) in S Point and Grants Well Guan Di Temple) and shrines dedicated to Na Tuk Kong or Datuk Keramat on the island.[77] There are many religious festivals, such as Spring Festival, Chap goh meh, Qingming Festival, Zhong Yuan Festival, Hari Raya, Christmas and Easter.[1] [78]

Women's issues [edit]

The chief local organisation that "promotes and supports" the "status and interests" of female person Christmas Islanders is the Christmas Island Women'south Association which was established in 1989 and is a member organisation of the Associated Country Women of the World.[79] [eighty]

Attractions [edit]

Toyota RAV4 moving across the backroads of Christmas Island

Christmas Island is well known for its biological diversity. At that place are many rare species of animals and plants on the island, making nature-walking a popular action. Along with the diversity of species, many dissimilar types of caves exist, such as plateau caves, coastal caves, raised coastal caves and alcoves, bounding main caves, fissure caves, collapse caves, and basalt caves; most of these are near the sea and accept been formed by the action of h2o. Birthday, there are approximately 30 caves on the island,[81] with Lost Lake Cave, Daniel Roux Cave, and Full Frontal Cave existence the nearly well-known. The many freshwater springs include Hosnies Jump Ramsar, which as well has a mangrove stand up.[ citation needed ]

The Dales is a rainforest in the western role of the isle and consists of seven deep valleys, all of which were formed by spring streams. Hugh'southward Dale waterfall is part of this area and is a pop attraction. The annual breeding migration of the Christmas Island red crabs is a pop consequence.[ citation needed ]

Fishing is another common activity. There are many distinct species of fish in the oceans surrounding Christmas Isle. Snorkelling and pond in the ocean are 2 other activities that are extremely popular. Walking trails are as well very popular, for there are many cute trails surrounded by extravagant flora and fauna. 63% of the island is covered past the Christmas Island National Park.[ citation needed ]

Marine Park [edit]

Reefs near the islands take salubrious coral and are home to several rare species of marine life. The region, along with the Cocos (Keeling) Islands reefs, accept been described as "Australia's Galapagos Islands".[82]

In the 2021 budget the Australian Government committed $A39.1M to create ii new marine parks off Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. The parks will cover upwards to 740,000 square kilometres (290,000 sq mi) of Australian waters.[83] Subsequently months of consultation with local people, both parks were approved in March 2022, with a total coverage of 744,000 square kilometres (287,000 sq mi). The park will assistance to protect spawning of bluefin tuna from illegal international fishers, simply local people will be allowed to practise fishing sustainably inshore in gild to source nutrient.[82]

Flora and fauna [edit]

Christmas Isle was uninhabited until the late 19th century, allowing many species to evolve without homo interference. 2-thirds of the island has been declared a National Park, which is managed by the Australian Department of Surround and Heritage through Parks Australia. Christmas Island contains unique species, both of flora and fauna, some of which are threatened with, or take become, extinct.

Flora [edit]

The dense rainforest has grown in the deep soils of the plateau and on the terraces. The forests are dominated by 25 tree species. Ferns, orchids and vines grow on the branches in the humid temper below the canopy. The 135 found species include at least 18 that are found nowhere else. The rainforest is in great condition despite the mining activities over the terminal 100 years. Areas that have been damaged by mining are now a part of an ongoing rehabilitation project. The island is minor and covers 135 square kilometres of land which 63% of that country has been declared National park.[84]

Christmas Island's endemic plants include the trees Arenga listeri, Pandanus elatus and Dendrocnide peltata var. murrayana; the shrubs Abutilon listeri, Colubrina pedunculata, Grewia insularis and Pandanus christmatensis; the vines Hoya aldrichii and Zehneria alba; the herbs Asystasia alba, Dicliptera maclearii and Peperomia rossii; the grass Ischaemum nativitatis; the fern Asplenium listeri; and the orchids Brachypeza archytas, Flickingeria nativitatis, Phreatia listeri and Zeuxine exilis.[85]

Animate being [edit]

Two species of native rats, the Maclear's and bulldog rats, have become extinct since the isle was settled, while the Javan rusa deer has been introduced. The endemic Christmas Island shrew has not been seen since the mid-1980s and may be already extinct, while the Christmas Isle pipistrelle (a small bat) is presumed to be extinct.[86]

The fruit bat (flight trick) species Pteropus natalis is merely found on Christmas Island; its epithet natalis is a reference to that name. The species is probably the last native mammal, and an important pollinator and rainforest seed-disperser; the population is also in decline and nether increasing force per unit area from land immigration and introduced pest species. The flying fox'southward depression rate of reproduction (i pup each twelvemonth) and high infant mortality rate makes it particularly vulnerable and the conservation status is equally critically endangered.[87] Flying foxes are an 'umbrella' species helping forests regenerate and other species survive in stressed environments.

The state crabs and seabirds are the most noticeable beast on the island. Christmas Isle has been identified by BirdLife International equally both an Owned Bird Expanse and an Of import Bird Surface area because it supports v endemic species and v subspecies too as over one per cent of the world populations of v other seabirds.[88]

Twenty terrestrial and intertidal species of crab take been described here, of which thirteen are regarded as true country crabs, beingness dependent on the body of water only for larval development. Robber crabs, known elsewhere equally coconut crabs, also be in large numbers on the island. The annual red crab mass migration (around 100 million animals) to the sea to spawn has been called one of the wonders of the natural world.[89] This takes place each year around November – after the start of the wet flavor and in synchronisation with the bike of the moon. Once at the ocean, the mothers release the embryos where they can survive and abound until they are able to live on country.

The island is a focal signal for seabirds of diverse species. Eight species or subspecies of seabirds nest on it. The about numerous is the red-footed booby, which nests in colonies, using trees on many parts of the shore terrace. The widespread brown booby nests on the basis near the edge of the seacliff and inland cliffs. Abbott'southward booby (listed equally endangered) nests on alpine emergent copse of the western, northern and southern plateau rainforest, the only remaining nesting habitat for this bird in the earth.

Another endangered and endemic bird, the Christmas frigatebird, has nesting areas on the northeastern shore terraces. The more widespread great frigatebirds nest in semi-deciduous copse on the shore terrace, with the greatest concentrations being in the Northward Due west and South Point areas. The mutual noddy and two species of bosun or tropicbirds also nest on the island, including the gold bosun (P. l. fulvus), a subspecies of the white-tailed tropicbird that is endemic to the isle.[90]

Of the ten native land birds and shorebirds, seven are endemic species or subspecies. This includes the Christmas thrush and the Christmas imperial pigeon. Some 86 migrant bird species have been recorded as visitors to the island.

Vi species of butterfly are known to occur on Christmas Island. These are the Christmas swallowtail (Papilio memnon), striped albatross (Appias olferna), Christmas emperor (Polyura andrewsi), king cerulean (Jamides bochus), lesser grass-blue (Zizina otis), and Papuan grass-yellow (Eurema blanda).[91]

Insect species include the yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes), introduced to the island and since subjected to attempts to destroy the supercolonies that emerged with aeriform spraying of the insecticide Fipronil.[92]

Media [edit]

Christmas Island has access to a range of modern communication services.

Radio broadcasts from Australia include ABC Radio National, ABC Kimberley, Triple J and Reddish FM. All services are provided by satellite links from the mainland. Broadband internet became bachelor to subscribers in urban areas in mid-2005 through the local internet service provider, CIIA (formerly dotCX).

Christmas Island, due to its shut proximity to Australia'south northern neighbours, falls inside many of the satellite footprints throughout the region. This results in ideal conditions for receiving diverse Asian broadcasts, which locals sometimes adopt to those emanating from Western Australia. Additionally, ionospheric conditions are conducive to terrestrial radio transmissions, from HF through VHF and sometimes into UHF. The isle plays domicile to a small array of radio equipment that spans a expert chunk of the usable spectrum. A variety of government-owned and operated antenna systems are employed on the island to take reward of this.

Television [edit]

Free-to-air digital idiot box stations from Australia are broadcast in the same time zone every bit Perth, and are broadcast from 3 separate locations:[93]

Broadcaster Drumsite Phosphate Hill Rocky Signal
ABC ABC half dozen ABC 34 ABC xl
SBS SBS 7 SBS 35 SBS 41
WAW WAW 8 WAW 36 WAW 42
WOW WOW 10 WOW 36 WOW 43
WDW WDW eleven WDW 38 WDW 44

Cable boob tube from Australia, Malaysia, Singapore and the United States commenced in Jan 2013.

Telecommunication [edit]

Telephone services are provided by Telstra and are a part of the Australian network with the same prefix equally Western Australia, South Commonwealth of australia and the Northern Territory (08). A GSM mobile telephone system on the 900 MHz band[94] replaced the old analogue network in February 2005.

Newspapers [edit]

The Shire of Christmas Island publishes a fortnightly newsletter, The Islander.[95] There are no independent newspapers.[71]

Postage stamps [edit]

A postal bureau was opened on the island in 1901 and sold stamps of the Strait Settlements.[96]

After the Japanese occupation (1942–1945), stamp stamps of the British Military machine Administration in Malaya were in apply, then stamps of Singapore.[97]

In 1958, the island received its own postage stamp stamps after being put under Australian custody. It had a big philatelic and postal independence, managed first by the Phosphate Commission (1958–1969) and and so by the island'southward administration (1969–1993).[96] This ended on 2 March 1993 when Australia Post became the island's postal operator; Christmas Island stamps may exist used in Commonwealth of australia and Australian stamps may be used on the isle.[97]

Send [edit]

A container port exists at Flying Fish Cove with an uncompleted alternative container-unloading point to the eastward of the isle at Norris Point, intended for use during the Dec-to-March "swell flavor" of crude seas.

The standard gauge 18 km (11 mi) Christmas Island Phosphate Co.'south Railway from Flying Fish Cove to the phosphate mine was constructed in 1914. It was closed in December 1987, when the Australian authorities airtight the mine, and since has been recovered as scrap, leaving only earthworks in places.

Virgin Australia Regional Airlines provides two weekly flights to Christmas Island Aerodrome from Perth, Western Australia, Garuda Republic of indonesia conduct weekly open-charter flights from/to Jakarta with bookings done through Christmas Island Travel Exchange and Malindo Air operate fortnightly open up-charter flights from/to Kuala Lumpur with bookings done through Evercrown Air Services.

Hire cars are available from the airport however no franchised companies are represented. CI Taxi Service also operates most days. Due to the lack of 3G or 4G, the isle's sole taxi operator could not see the requirement issued by WA Department of Send to install electronic meters, and the operator was forced to shut at the end of June 2019.[98]

The route network covers nigh of the island and is of by and large adept quality, although four-wheel drive vehicles are needed to reach some of the more distant parts of the rainforest or the more than isolated beaches on the rough dirt roads.

Education [edit]

The isle-operated crèche is in the Recreation Eye.[99] Christmas Island District Loftier School, catering to students in grades P-12, is run by the Western Australian Didactics Department. There are no universities on Christmas Island.

The island has one public library.[100]

Sport [edit]

Cricket and rugby league are the 2 principal organised sports on the island.

The Christmas Island Cricket Order was founded in 1959, and is now known every bit the Christmas Island Cricket and Sporting Club. In 2019 the club historic its 60-year anniversary. The guild entered its start representative team into the WACA Country Week in 2020, where they were runners upward in the F-division.

Rugby league is growing in the island: the first game was played in 2016, and a local committee, with the support of NRL Western Australia, is willing to organise matches with nearby Cocos Islands and to create a rugby league contest in the Indian Ocean region.[101]

See also [edit]

  • Outline of Christmas Island
  • Index of Christmas Island–related manufactures
  • .cx
  • Cocos (Keeling) Islands
  • Norfolk Island

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ English does non have official status on Christmas Island and in Australia, but it is the de facto language of communication in government.

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Further reading [edit]

  • Adams, Jan; Neale, Marg (1993). Christmas Island – The Early Years – 1888–1958. Bruce Neale. ISBN0-646-14894-Ten. 96 pages, including many b&w photographs.
  • Allen, Gerald R.; Steene, Roger C. (1998). Fishes of Christmas Island (i ed.). Christmas Island Natural History Association. ISBN0-9591210-i-3. 197 pages including many photographs and plates.
  • Allen, Gerald R.; Steene, Roger C.; Orchard, Max (2007). Fishes of Christmas Island (2 ed.). Christmas Isle Natural History Clan. ISBN978-0-9591210-8-7.
  • Andrews, Charles Westward. (1899). "A Description of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)". Geographical Journal. 13 (i): 17–35. doi:10.2307/1774789. JSTOR 1774789. Archived from the original on thirty December 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  • Andrews, Charles Westward. (1900). "A Monograph of Christmas Island". Geological Mag. Indian Ocean: Physical Features and Geology. London, U.k.: British Museum. II (7): 330–331. doi:10.1017/S0016756800174461. Archived from the original on five August 2011. With descriptions of the animal and flora by numerous contributors. 8vo; xiii+337 pp., 22 plates, 1 map, text illustrated.
  • Christmas Island, Indian Ocean – a Unique Island. Published by a committee of present and former employees of the phosphate mining company. 1984. 60 pages including colour photographs.
  • Ayris, Cyril (1993). Tai Ko Seng – Gordon Bennett of Christmas Island. Gordon Bennett Educational Foundation. ISBN0-646-15483-four. 263 pages including photographs.
  • Bosman, D., ed. (1993). Christmas Island Police – 1958–1983. D Bosman. 112 pages including many photographs.
  • "Christmas Island". Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  • Greyness, H.S. (1981). Christmas Island Naturally. H.S. Grayness. ISBN0-9594105-0-3. 133 pages including many colour photographs.
  • Hicks, John; Rumpff, Holger; Yorkston, Hugh (1984). Christmas Venereal. Christmas Island Natural History Clan. ISBN0-9591210-0-five. 76 pages including colour photographs.
  • Hunt, John (2011). Suffering Through Strength: The men who made Christmas Island. ISBN9780646550114.
  • The Indian Ocean: a select bibliography. National Library of Australia. 1979. ISBN0-642-99150-ii.
  • McGrath, Tony (2019). In Tropical Skies: A History of Aviation to Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Carlisle, WA: Hesperian Press. ISBN9780859057561.
  • Neale, Margaret (1988). We were the Christmas Islanders. Bruce Neale. ISBN0-7316-4158-two. 207 pages including many b&w photographs.
  • Orchard, Max (2012). Crabs of Christmas Island. Christmas Island Natural History Association. ISBN9780646576428. 288 pages pictorial illustration of crabs.
  • Stokes, Tony (2012). Any Volition Be, I'll See: Growing Up in the 1940s, 50s and 60s in the Northern Territory, Christmas and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, New South Wales and the Australian Capital letter Territory. ISBN9780646575643. 238 pages.
  • Wharton, W.J.50. (1888). "Account of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean". Proceedings of the Imperial Geographical Social club and Monthly Record of Geography. 10 (10): 613–624. doi:10.2307/1800848. JSTOR 1800848. Archived from the original on xi January 2020. Retrieved 11 Nov 2019.
  • Dunkley, Graham (1 September 1983). "Book Reviews : THE UNION OF CHRISTMAS Isle WORKERS Past Les Waters. George Allen and Unwin, Sydney, 1983, xi + 170 pp., $17.95 (hardback)". Journal of Industrial Relations. 25 (3): 389–390. doi:x.1177/002218568302500317. ISSN 0022-1856. S2CID 153920231.

Coordinates: x°29′24″South 105°37′39″E  /  10.49000°S 105.62750°E  / -10.49000; 105.62750

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island

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